Russia's Engine Deal With Pakistan: A Strategic Move That Risks Straining Ties With India

Moscow/New Delhi, October 5, 2025: Russia’s decision to supply RD-93MA engines for Pakistan’s JF-17 Thunder fighter jets has triggered a fresh wave of debate in South Asia’s defense and diplomatic circles. The move is especially significant as it comes despite strong objections from India—Moscow’s long-standing strategic partner in defense, energy, and space cooperation.

For decades, India and Russia have enjoyed one of the world’s most durable defense partnerships, with cooperation spanning S-400 air defense systems, the INS Vikramaditya aircraft carrier, nuclear submarines, and space programs. However, Russia’s latest move in favor of Pakistan—India’s rival neighbor—has raised concerns in New Delhi about a possible shift in Moscow’s defense strategy.

India’s Diplomatic Protests Ignored

According to defense sources, India had formally urged Russia to suspend the export of RD-93MA engines and spare parts for the JF-17, citing serious security risks. Diplomatic channels were used to emphasize New Delhi’s concerns that these advanced engines could enhance Pakistan’s air power near sensitive borders, including operations along the Line of Control (LoC).

Despite these objections, Moscow has gone ahead with the supply, reportedly linked to a $500 million contract signed in 2024. The deal underscores Russia’s intent to diversify its defense exports at a time when it is grappling with Western sanctions and looking for new markets.

Why the JF-17 Matters

The JF-17 Thunder, jointly developed by Pakistan and China, is considered the backbone of the Pakistan Air Force. More than 150 units are already in service. The latest Block III variant comes equipped with AESA radar, PL-15 long-range missiles, and helmet-mounted displays, significantly boosting its combat capability.

At the heart of this aircraft is the Russian-built RD-93MA engine, an advanced afterburning turbofan capable of generating 93 kilonewtons of thrust. This engine dramatically improves the JF-17’s performance, particularly in high-altitude missions—a capability crucial for operations near the Himalayan frontier.

While Pakistan and China manufacture the airframe and avionics, Russia retains near-total control over the engine supply, making Moscow an indispensable partner in the jet’s operational readiness.

The Geopolitical Angle

Analysts believe Russia’s decision is driven less by military strategy and more by economic necessity. Facing sanctions and limited access to Western markets, Moscow sees Pakistan—now among Russia’s top 10 defense importers—as a valuable customer. Contracts worth over $1 billion with Islamabad provide Russia much-needed revenue.

However, this choice could come at a steep diplomatic cost. India, already diversifying its defense acquisitions by purchasing American, French, and Israeli platforms, may accelerate this shift, reducing reliance on Russian systems in the long run.

Opposition Questions the Modi Government

The controversy has spilled into Indian domestic politics as well. The opposition Congress party has questioned the Narendra Modi-led government, demanding clarity on how it plans to respond to Russia’s decision. The concern is that India’s traditional defense supplier might be tilting toward Pakistan, creating a new layer of complexity in regional security dynamics.

Strategic Dilemma for Moscow

Experts describe this move as a classic case of balancing geopolitics with economics. Russia cannot afford to lose the Indian defense market, but it also cannot ignore lucrative opportunities in Pakistan. With Pakistan eager to modernize its air force and Russia keen to offset sanctions, the RD-93MA engine deal was perhaps inevitable.

Still, the move risks undermining the trust built over decades with India. If New Delhi perceives Moscow as unreliable in times of need, it could deepen its military engagement with Western nations—a trend already visible with recent big-ticket purchases like Rafale fighter jets and Predator drones.

What Lies Ahead

The real test will be in how Russia manages its relationship with India moving forward. Moscow will likely attempt to reassure New Delhi that the deal with Pakistan is an economic necessity rather than a strategic shift. For India, however, the concern remains: Can Russia be counted on as a trusted defense ally when it also strengthens India’s adversary?

The unfolding episode highlights a broader truth about today’s global defense market—alliances are no longer driven solely by politics but increasingly by economic survival and diversification.